Bibliography on Women in Byzantium

Primary Sources Available in Translation

• Amt, Emily, ed. Women's Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. New York: 1992.
• Brock, Sebastian and Harvey, Susan. Holy Women of the Syrian Orient. Berkeley: 1987.
• Castelli, E. A., trans. vita of Synkletike, Wimbush, V. L. Ascetic Behavior in Greco-Roman Antiquity: A Sourcebook. Minneapolis: 1990, pp. 266–311.
• Clark, Elizabeth A. The Life of Melania the Younger. New York: 1984.
• Clark, Elizabeth, A. Jerome, Chrysostom and Friends. New York: 1979 - includes translation of vita et translatio of St. Olympias.
• Clarke, W. H. Lowther. The Life of St. Macrina. London: 1916.
• Comnena, Anna. The Alexiad. trans. E.R.A. Sewter, Penguin: 1979.
• Corrigan, Kevin. The Life of Saint Macrina. Toronto: 1987.
• Dagron, Gilbert. Vie et miracles de Sainte Thecle. Brussels: 1978. Subsidia Hagiographica 63.
• Geanakoplos, D. Y. Byzantium: Church, Society and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes. Chicago: 1984.
• Hero, Angela C. A Woman's Quest for Spiritual Guidance: The Correspondence of Princess Irene Eulogia. Brookline, MA: 1986.
• Kaldellis, Anthony. Mothers and Sons, Fathers and Daughters. The Byzantine Family of Michael Psellos. Notre Dame, Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press, 2006 - includes translations of Psellos' funeral oration for his daughter Styliane and his enkomion of his mother, Theoktiste.
• Kraemer, Ross (ed). Maenads, Martyrs, Matrons, Monastics: A Sourcebook on Women's Religions in the Greco-Roman World. Philadelphia, PA: 1988 (includes vitae of Thekla, Perpetua and Felicitas, Marcella, Pelagia the Harlot and Mary the Harlot).
• Psellus, Michael. Fourteen Byzantine Rulers. Penguin, 1979 (on Theodora and Zoe).
• Ricci, James V. (trans). Aetios of Amida: The Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the VIth Century, A.D., Philadelphia: Blakiston Company, 1950.
• Rosenqvist, Jan Olof. The Life of St. Irene Abbess of Chrysobalanton. Uppsala: 1986.
• Talbot, Alice-Mary. Byzantine Defenders of Images: Eight Saints' Lives in English Translation, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC: 1998.
• Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed). Holy Women of Byzantium: 10 Saints' Lives in English Translation, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington DC: 1996.
• Tripolitis, Antonia, ed. Kassia. The Legend, the Woman and Her Work. Hamden, Connecticut: Garland Publishing, 1991.
• Ward, Benedicta. Harlots of the Desert. Kalamazoo: 1987.
• Wicker, K. O'B. Porphyry the Philosopher, To Marcella (Texts and Translations, 28; Graeco-Roman Religion Series, 10). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, Scholars Press, 1987.

1. Typika of convents in Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, ed. John Thomas and Angela Constantinides Hero, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC: 2000.

   Linked to texts of the typika

   • Theotokos Kecharitomene (12^th c. - Constantinople)
   • Lips (13^th c. - Constantinople)
   • Kosmas and Damianos (13^th c. - Constantinople)
   • Christos Philanthropenos (14^th c. - Constantinople)
   • Theotokos tes Bebaias Elpidos (14^th c. - Constantinople)
   • Convent of Neilos Damilas (15^th c - Baionia, Crete)

2. The vitae of women saints included in the new Dumbarton Oaks series of translations of Lives of Byzantine Saints are as follows: Holy Women of Byzantium^*, Byzantine Defenders of Images^**

   • Anthousa, Daughter of Constantine V^** (SynaxCP 613–614)
   • Anthousa of Mantineon^** (BHG 2029h)
   • Athanasia of Aegina^* (BHG 180)
   • Elizabeth the Thaumaturge^* (BHG 2121)
   • Marinos-Maria^* (BHG 1163)
   • Mary of Egypt^* (BHG 1042)
   • Mary the Younger of Bizye^* (BHG 1164)
   • Matrona^* (BHG 1221)
   • Theodora, 9^th c. Empress (BHG1731)^**
   • Theodora of Arta^* (BHG 1736)
   • Theodora of Thessalonika^* (BHG 1737,1739)
   • Theodosia (SynaxCP 828–830)^**
   • Theoktiste of Lesbos^* (BHG 1723–1724)
   • Thomais of Lesbos^* (BHG 2454)

The list of primary sources was prepared by Alice-Mary Talbot.

Secondary Sources

• Abrahamse, Dorothy. "Byzantine Asceticism and Women's Monasteries in Early Medieval Italy," in J. Nichols and L. T. Shank, eds., Medieval Religious Women, 1. Distant Echoes. Kalamazoo, MI: 1984, pp. 31–49.
• Abrahamse, Dorothy. "Women's Monasticism in the Middle-Byzantine Period, Problems and Prospects," Byz. Forsch. 9. 1985, pp. 35–58.
• Abstracts of the Seventh Byzantine Studies Conference, November 13–15. 1981, Boston University, Boston Massachusetts: pp. 1–4: "Women and Monasticism."
• Abstracts of the Sixteenth Annual Byzantine Studies Conference, October 25–28. The Walters Art Gallery, pp. 25–30: "Women in the Byzantine Patriarchy."
• Adam, S. "La femme enceinte dans les papyrus," Anagennesis 3, 1932, pp. 9–19.
• Afinogenov, D. "The Bride-show of Theophilos: Some notes on the Sources," Eranos 95. 1997, pp. 10–18.
• Albani, Tzeni. "The Wall Paintings of the Church of Saint Marina at Mournes on Crete. An Unknown Biographical Cycle of St. Marina," Deltion tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Etaireias, volume dedicated to the memory of Doula Mouriki, vol. 17, 1993–94, pp. 211–222 (in Greek with English résumé).
• Albu, Emily. "Bohemond and the Rooster: Byzantines, Normans, and the Artful Ruse," Anna Komnene and Her Times, Garland Medieval Case Books, ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson, Garland Publishing, New York and London, 2000, pp. 157–168.
• Albu, Emily. "The Women of the 'Alexiad'." Byzantine Studies Conference Abstracts of Papers 21. 1995, p. 14.
• Alexakis, Alexander. Leo VI, Theophano, a 'Magistros' Called Slokakas, and the 'Vita Theophano' (BHG 1794), Byzantinische Forschungen: internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik 21, 1995, pp. 45–56. Issue title: Bosphorus: Essays in the Honour of Cyril Mango. Ed. by Stephanos Efthymiadis, Claudia Rapp, and Dimitris Tsougarakis. [Suggests that the 'Magister' Slokakas mentioned in a scholiast's comments is the author of the 'Vita' of Empress Theophano which he wrote in order to gain Emperor Leo's favor.]
• Alexidze, A., "Martha-Maria: A Striking Figure in the Cultural History of Georgia and Byzantium," The Greeks in the Black Sea from the Bronze Age to Early 20^th Century, ed. M. Koromila. Athens: 1992, pp. 204–212.
• Allen, P. "Contemporary Portrayals of the Byzantine Empress Theodora (A.D. 527–548), Stereotypes of Women in Power: Historical Perspectives and Revisionist Views, ed. B. Garlick, S. Dixon, and P. Allen. New York: 1992, pp. 93–103.
• Alexandre, Monique. "Early Christian Women," in Pauline Schmitt Pantel, ed. A History of Women in the West. I. From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints. Harvard: 1992, pp. 405–444.
• Alic, M. Hypatia's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Late Nineteenth Century. London: 1986.
• Amélineau, E. "Histoire des deux filles de l'empéreur Zenon," Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 4/10. February 1888, pp. 181–206.
• Amoiridou, E. Hagia Theophano he basilis. He zoe mias autokrateiras. Ho bios mias hagias. Thessalonike, 2006.
• Anastasijevic, D. "Jedina vizantiska carica Srpkinja," (The Only Byzantine Empress of Serbian Origin; Serbo-Cr.), Bratstvo 30, Belgrade: 1939, pp. 26–48.
• Anastos, M.V. "The Coronation of Emperor Michael IV in 1034 by Empress Zoe and its Significance, To Ellenikon: Studies in honor of Speros Vryonis, Vol. I, ed. J.S. Langdon, et al. New Rochelle, NY; Caratzas: 1993, pp. 23–34.
• Anderson, Jeffrey C. "Anna Komnene, Learned Women, and the Book in Byzantine Art," Anna Komnene and Her Times, Garland Medieval Case Books, ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson, Garland Publishing, New York and London, 2000, pp. 125–156.
• Anderson, Jeffrey C. and Michael J. Jeffreys. "The Decoration of the Sevastokratorissa's Tent," Byzantion - Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines, Vol. 64. Brussels: 1994, pp. 8–18.
• Anderson, Jeffrey C. "The Illustrated Sermons of James the Monk: Their Dates, Order, and Place in the History of Byzantine Art," Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 22. 1991, pp. 69–120. (Associates the creation of the illustrated homilies with Irene Sebastokratorissa, wife of Andronikos Comnenos and sister-in-law to the Emperor.)
• Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, H. N. "Women in the Society of the Despotate of Epirus," Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 32.2. 1982, pp. 473–80.
• Angelos, Mark. "Urban Women, Investment, and the Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages," in Women in Medieval Western European Culture (Linda E. Mitchell, ed.), New York: Garland Publishing, 1999, pp. 257–276.
• Angelova, Diliana. . "The Ivories of Ariadne and Ideas about Female Imperial Authority in Rome and Early Byzantium," Gesta 43, 2004, pp. 1–15.
• Angold, M. "The Wedding of Digenes Akrites: Love and Marriage in Byzantium in the 11^th and 12^th Centuries," He Kathemerine zoe sto Byzantio, ed. Ch. Maltezou. Athens: 1989, pp. 201–215.
• Angold, M. Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081–1261. Cambridge: 1995, pp. 285–426.
• Anson, J. "The Female Transvestite in early Monasticism: the Origin and Development of a Motif," Viator, 5. 1974, pp. 1–32.
• Archer, Léonie, Susan Fischler, Maria Wyke. Women in Ancient Societies. London: McMillan, 1994 (with extensive bibliography, pp. 269–301).
• Arjava, A. "Divorce in Later Roman Law," Arctos, 22. 1988, pp. 5–21.
• Arjava, A. Women and law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Armstrong, Dorsey. "Holy Queens as Agents of Christianization in Bede's Ecclesiastical History: A Reconsideration," Medieval Encounters 4:3. November 1998, pp. 228–241.
• Aspergren-Bjerre, Kersten. The Male Woman. A Feminine Ideal in the Early Church. R. Kieffer, ed. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1990.
• Auzépy, Marie-France. "La sainteté et le couvent: libération ou normalisation des femmes?" Femmes et pouvoirs des femmes à Byzance et en Occident (VIe - XIe siècles). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Centre de Recherche sur l'histoire de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest, 1999, pp. 175–188.
• Babinger, F. "Ein Freibrief Mehmeds II, des Eroberers, für das Kloster Hagia Sophia zu Saloniki, Eigentum der Sultanin Mara," Byzantinische Zeitschrift 44, 1951, pp. 11–20.
• Babinger, F. "Witwensitz und Sterbplatz der Sultanin Mara," Festschrift Koukoulés (Epeteris Hetaireias Byzantinon Spoudon 23). Athens, 1953, pp. 240–244.
• Bagnall, R.S. "Church, State and Divorce in Late Roman Egypt, in K. L. Selig and R. Somerville (eds.) Florilegium Columbianum: Essays in Honour of Paul Oskar Kristeller. New York: Italica Press, 1987, pp. 41–61.
• Bagnall, R.S. "Women, Law and Social Realities in Late Antiquity: A Review Article," Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 32. 1995, pp. 65–86.
• Baker, Mary. "Feminist Post-Structuralist Engagements with History," Rethinking History 2. 1998, pp. 371–378.
• Baldwin, Barry. "Three Obol Girls in Procopius," Hermes 120, 1992, pp. 255–257.
• Ball, Jennifer L. Byzantine Dress: Representations of Secular Dress in Eighth-Twelfth Century Painting. New York: Palgrave, 2005
• Barbe, D. Irène de Byzance: la femme empereur. Paris: 1990, 2^nd ed. 2006
  
• Barber, Charles. "The Imperial Panels at San Vitale: A Reconsideration," Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 14. 1990, pp. 19–42.
• Barber, Charles. "Reading the Garden in Byzantium: Nature and Sexuality," Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 16. 1992, pp. 1–19.
• Barisic, F. "Povelje vizantisjskih carica" (Fr. sum. Les chartes des impératrices byzantines), Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta 13. 1971, pp. 143–202.
• Batey, R. A. New Testament Nuptial Imagery. Leiden: Brill, 1971.
• Beach, Alison. Women as Scribes: Book Production and Monastic Reform in Twelfth Century Bavaria. Cambridge: 2004
• Beaucamp, Joëlle. "Incapacité féminine et role public à Byzance." Femmes et pouvoirs des femmes à Byzance et en Occident (VIe - XIe siècles). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Centre de Recherche sur l'histoire de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest, 1999, pp. 23–36.
• Beaucamp, Joelle. "L'allaitement: mère ou nourrice?," Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 32.2. 1982, pp. 549–558.
• Beaucamp, Joelle. "La situation juridique de la femme à Byzance," Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 20. 1977, pp. 145–76.
• Beaucamp, Joelle. Le statut de la femme à Byzance (4e-7e siècle) i. Le droit impérial. Paris: Boccard, 1990. Vol II. Les pratiques sociales. Paris: Boccard, 1992.
• Beaucamp, Joelle. "Le Veuvage dans les papyrus byzantins," Pallas, 32. 1985, pp. 149–157.
• Beaucamp, Joelle. "Le Vocabulaire de la faiblesse féminine dans les textes juridiques romains du 3e au 6e siècle," Revue de l'histoire du droit francais et étranger, 4. 1976, pp. 485–508.
• Beaucamp, Joëlle. "Les femmes et l'Eglise: droit canonique, idéologie et pratiques sociales à Byzance," KANON XVI, Mother, Nun, Deaconess, Images of Women According to Eastern Canon Law. 2000, pp. 87–112
• Beaucamp, Joelle. "Les femmes et l'espace public à Byzance: Le cas des tribunaux," Dumbarton Oaks Papers No. 52, 1998, pp. 129–145.
• Beaucamp, Joelle. "Organisation domestique et roles sexuels: Les papyrus byzantins," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 47. 1993, pp. 185–194.
• Beach, Alison. Women as Scribes: Book Production and Monastic Reform in Twelfth-Century Bavaria. Cambridge 2004.
• Beck, Hans-George. Kaiserin Theodora und Prokop: Der Historiker und sein Opfer. Munich: Piper, 1986.
• Benko, S. The Virgin Goddess: Studies in the Pagan and Christian Roots of Mariology. New York, 1993.
• Ben Nasser, Khalifa. Gender and Sanctity in Early Byzantine Monasticism: A Study of the Phenomenon of Female Ascetics in Male Monastic Habit. (includes tr. of vita of St. Matrona), Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 19 .
• Bennett, Judith M. "Medievalism and Feminism," Speculum, 68. 1993, pp. 309–331.
• Bensammar, Elisabeth. "La titulature de l'impératrice et sa signification: Recherches sur les sources byzantines de la fin du VIIIe siècle à la fin du XIIe siècle," Byzantion 46. 1976, pp. 243–291.
• Berg, B. "The Dowry of Thamar of Epiros," Byzantine Studies/Etudes byzantines, n.s. 3. 1998, pp. 96–111.
• Berkey, Jonathan. "Women in Medieval Islamic Society," in Women in Medieval Western European Culture (Linda E. Mitchell, ed.), New York: Garland Publishing, 1999, pp. 95–116.
• Beshawy, A. St. Mary of Egypt and the monk Zosimas. Cairo, 1979. [in Arabic]
• Biddick, Kathleen. "Genders, Bodies, Borders: Technologies of the Visible," Speculum 68. 1993, pp. 389–418.
• Biddick, Kathleen. The Shock of Medievalism. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1998.
• Blazquez, J. M. "Las posesiones de Melania la Joven," Miscellanea del Prof. Alejondro Recio Veganzones. Historiam pictura refast. Rome: 1994, pp. 67–80.
• Bliquez, L. J. "Two Lists of Greek Surgical Instruments and the State of Surgery in Byzantine Times," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 38, 1984, pp. 187–204.
• Blum, Wilhelm. "Bertha-Irene: bayerische Gräfin und byzantinische Kaiserin," Bayern und die Antike. 150 Jahre Maximilians-Gymnasium in München. Hrsg. von W.-A. von Reitzenstein. München 1999. pp. 65–75.
• Bogdanovic, D. "Zene asketi u Lavsaiku Paladija Elenopoljskog" [="Women Ascetics in the Lausiakon of Palladius from Helenopolis"], Pravoslavno misao 8. 1965, pp. 20–31.
• Bos, Gerrit. "Ibn al-Jazzar on Women's Diseases and Their Treatment," Medical History 37. 1993, pp. 296–312.
• Bosch, U.V. "Anthusa. Ein Beitrag zum Kaisertum der Eirene," Polychordia, Festschrift Franz Dölger, BYZF. 1966, pp. 24–29.
• Boswell, J. Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
• Boulhol, P. "Hagiographie antique et démonologie: Notes sur quelques Passions grecques," (BHG 962z, 964 et 1165–66) [the "Passiones" of Juliana of Nicomedia, Juliana and Paul, and Marina of Antioch], Analecta Bolandiana 112, 3–4: 1994, pp. 255–303.
• Brand, Charles M. "Slave Women in the Legislation of Alexius I" [discussion of two decrees issued in 1095 regarding slaves; the first declares that slaves born of free parents were to be freed, while the second affirms the right of slaves to marriage with the blessing of the church], Byzantinische Forschungen, Band XXIII. 1996, pp. 19–24.
• Brand, Charles M. "Some Byzantine Women of Thebes -- and Elsewhere," To Hellenikon, Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr., vol. I, New York: 1993, pp. 59–68.
• Bréhier, Louis. "La femme dans la famille à Byzance," Annuaire de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientale et slave 9. 1949, pp. 105–108.
• Bremmer, J. "Why did early Christianity attract upper-class women?" in A. A. R. Bastiaensen et al. (eds) Fructus Centesimus: Mélanges offerts à Gérard J. M. Bartelink. Steenbrugge, in Abbatia S. Petri, 1989, pp. 117–134.
• Brock, S. and S.A. Harvey. Holy Women of the Syrian Orient. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1987.
• Brooks, Sarah T. "The Double Portrait of Kale Kavalasea from Mistra" [Kale is represented in secular and monastic dress along with her daughter and son], Byzantine Studies Conference Abstracts of Papers 21. 1995, p. 79.
• Brooten, B.J. Love Between Women. Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism. Chicago: 1996.
• Brooten, Bernadette. Women Leaders in the Ancient Synagogue. Inscriptional Evidence and Background Issues. Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1982.
• Brousselle, Isabelle. "Les stratégies matrimoniales de l'aristocratie byzantine aux IXe et Xe siècles." Femmes et pouvoirs des femmes à Byzance et en Occident (VIe - XIe siècles). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Centre de Recherche sur l'histoire de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest, 1999, pp. 51–64.
• Brown, P. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. London: SCM, 1981.
• Brown, P.R.L. The Body and Society, N.Y. 1988: "Daughters of Jerusalem: The Ascetic Life of Women in the Fourth Century." pp. 259–284.
• Browning, R. "An Unpublished Funeral Oration on Anna Comnena," Proceeding of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 188, n.s.8: 1962, pp. 1–12.
• Browning, R., Justinian and Theodora. London: 1971.
• Browning R. "Theodore Balsamon's commentary on the canons of the Council in Troullo as a source on everyday life in 12^th century Byzantium," He Kathemerine zoe sto Byzantio, ed. Ch. Maltezou. Athens: 1989, pp. 421–28.
• Brubaker, Leslie. "Conclusion: Image, Audience and Place: Interaction and Reproduction," The Sacred Image in East and West, R. Ousterhout and L. Brubaker, eds. Urbana/Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1995, pp. 204–220. [Inclues a section entitled "The Gendered Audience: Women and Icons".]
• Brubaker, Leslie. Memories of Helena: Patterns in imperial female Matronage in the 4^th and 5^th Centuries," in L. James, ed. Women, Men and Eunuchs. London/New York, 1997, pp. 52–72.
• Bryer, A. A. M. "Family Planning in Trebizond: the AIMA of the Grand Komnenoi," To Hellenikon. Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis. Ed M. Anastos et al. New York: Caratzas, 1993, pp. 85–90.
• Bryer, A. A. M. "Pisanello and the Prices of Trebizond," Apollo N.S. 76, 1972, pp. 601–603.
• Buckler, Georgina. Anna Comnena: A Study. Oxford: 1929.
• Buckler, Georgina. "Women in Byzantine Law," Byzantion 11. 1936, pp. 391–416.
• Bullough, Vern L. Brenda Shelton, and Sarah Slavin, The Subordinate Sex: A History of Attitudes Towards Women, Rev. Ed. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1988, pp. 102–12.
• Burrus, Virginia. "The Heretical Woman as Symbol in Alexander, Athanasius, Epiphanius and Jerome," Harvard Theological Review, 84. 1991, pp. 229–248.
• Burton-Christie, Douglas. The Word in the Desert. Oxford: 1993.
• Bury, J. B. "Justa Grata Honoria," JRS 9. 1919, pp. 1–13.
• Bury, J.B. "Roman Emperor from Basil II to Isaac Komnenos," English Historical Review 4. 1889, pp. 41–64 & 251–286.
• Butler, Judith and Joan W. Scott, eds. Feminists Theorize the Political. New York: 1992.
• Cadden, Joan. "The Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture," Cambridge History of Medicine. Cambridge, England: 1993
• Cameron, Alan. "The Emperor and the Poet: Paganism and Politics at the Court of Theodosius II" (on Eudocia), in Yale Classical Studies 27. 1982.
• Cameron, Averil. "Early Christianity and the Discourse of Female Desire," Women in Antiquity, L. Archer et al., eds. London: Macmillan, 1994.
• Cameron, Averil. Images of Women in Antiquity. London: 1983.
• Cameron, Averil. "Sacred and Profane Love: Thoughts on Byzantine Gender," Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium, ed. L. James. London; New York: 1997, pp. 1–23.
• Cameron, Averil. "The Empress Sophia," Byzantion 45. 1975, pp. 5–21 (repr: Continuity and Change in Sixth Century Byzantium).
• Cameron, Averil. "The Theotokos in Sixth-Century Constantinople," The Journal of Theological Studies 29. 1978, pp. 79–108 (repr.: Continuity and Change in Sixth Century Byzantium).
• Cameron, Averil. "Virginity as Metaphor: Women and the Rhetoric of Early Christianity," in History as Text, The Writing of Ancient History. (ed. A. Cameron), Chapel Hill, NC: 1990.
• Cameron, Averil. "The Virgin's Robe: An Episode in the History of Seventh-Century Constantinople," Byzantion, 49. 1979, pp. 42–56.
• Cantarella, Eva. Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. Maureen B. Fant, translator.
• Carr, Annemarie Weyl. "A Note on Theodore Hagiopetrites," Scriptorium 35. 1981, pp. 287–290. (Summarizes existing information on Theodore's daughter Eirene, herself a scribe as identified by a signature in a manuscript of 1309.)
• Carr, Annemarie Weyl. "Women as Artists in the Middle Ages, or The Dark is Light Enough," Dictionary of Women Artists, 2 vols., ed. Delia Gaze. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 3–21.
• Carr, Annemarie Weyl. "Women and Monasticism in Byzantium: Introduction from an Art Historian," Byzantinische Forschungen 9. 1985, pp. 1–15.
• Carras, Lydia. "The Life of St. Athanasia of Aegina: Edition and Commentary," in A. Moffatt, ed., Maistor: Classical, Byzantine and Renaissance Studies for Robert Browning. Canberra: 1984, pp. 199–224.
• Cassimatis, Gr. "La notion du mariage dan l'Eclogue des Isauriens," Actes de IVe Congrès internatonal des études byzantines. Sofia, Bulgaria: Imprimerie de la Cour, 1935.
• Castelli, Elizabeth A. "Heteroglossia, Hermeneutics, and History: A Review Essay of Recent Feminist Studies of Early Christianity," Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 10. 1994, pp. 73–98.
• Castelli, Elizabeth A. "I Will Make Mary Male: Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity," Julie Epstein and Kristina Straub, eds. Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, New York and London: 1992, pp. 29–49.
• Castelli, Elizabeth A. "Virginity and its Meaning for Women's Sexuality in Early Christianity," Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2. 1986, pp. 61–88.
• Catafygiotu-Topping, Eva. "Theodosia: Melodos and Monastria," Diptycha 4. 1987, pp. 384–405. (See also entries under Topping.)
• Cesaretti, Paolo. Teodora: ascesa di un'imperatrice (Milan: Mondadori, 2001)
• Cesaretti, Paolo. Theodora, Empress of Byzantium, New York, 2004.
• Chrysostomides, J. Byzantine Women: Lecture delivered to the Lykion ton Hellenidon on 18^th October 1993, Camberley, Surrey: Porphyrogenitus, 1994.
• Ciggaar, Krijnie N. "The Empress Theophano," Byzantium and the Low Countries in the Tenth Century. Hernen: 1985, pp. 33–77.
• Ciggaar, Krijnie N. "Encore une fois Chrétien de Troyes et la 'matière byzantine': La révolution des femmes au palais de Constantinople," Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale 38, 3. Juillet, Sept. 1995, pp. 267–274.
• Ciggaar, Krijnie N. "Theophano: An Empress Reconsidered" [evaluates contemporary accounts of Theophano, both positive and negative; among the latter is a German nun's vision of Theophano in purgatory and numerous complaints about her love of foreign luxury], The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, edited by Adelbert Davids: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 49–63.
• Cirac-Estopanan, Sebastian. Skyllitzes Matritensis. Reproducciones y miniaturas. Barcelona-Madrid: 1985. (Contains extensive description of miniatures representing Byzantine women as narrated in the XIth century chronicle.)
• Clark, Elizabeth, A. Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith: Essays in Late Ancient Christianity. Lewiston, NY: 1986.
• Clark, Elizabeth A. "Authority and Humility: A Conflict of Values in Fourth-Century Female Monasticism," Byzantinische Forschungen 9. 1985, pp. 17–33.
• Clark, Elizabeth A. "Ideology, History and the Construction of 'Woman' in Late Antique Christianity," Journal of Early Christian Studies 2. 1994, pp 155–184.
• Clark, Elizabeth. A. "Early Christian Women: Sources and Interpretation," That Gentle Strength. Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity, ed. L. L. Coon, K. J. Hardone, E. W. Sommer. Charlottesville, Virginia: 1990, pp. 19–35.
• Clark, Elizabeth A. Women in the Early Church. Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier Inc., 1983. Message of the Fathers of the Church, vol. 13.
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Web Sites

• Dawson, Tim. Women's dress / Les vêtements feminins/ Frauenkleider (subject is Byzantine women's clothing).
• Spalding, Tim. Justinian, Theodora and Procopius (a comprehensive and extensively annotated guide to websites about 6^th-century Byzantium and its greatest historian).
• De Imperatoribus Romanis: An online encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families already includes many biographies of late Roman and Byzantine empresses.